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As climate change reshapes northern agroecosystems, leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) are shifting their distributions, with implications for pest outbreaks and crop health. In Eastern Canada, we monitored strawberry farms from 2023 to 2024, collecting over 82,000 leafhoppers from 64 genera. Migratory species, Empoasca fabae and Macrosteles quadrilineatus, dominated captures, with sharp abundance increases above 16°C and 14°C, respectively, while local species declined under higher rainfall. A major finding was the first Canadian record of the corn pest Dalbulus maidis, a vector of multiple pathogens, likely introduced through long-distance dispersal. Insecticide applications generally failed to reduce leafhopper numbers, highlighting the limitations of current chemical control. Parasitism rates by Gonatopus wasps (Dryinidae), averaged ~3% but peaked in late summer at over 20%, primarily in M. quadrilineatus. Warmer temperatures and seasonal progression increased both parasitism probability and rates. Genomic analyses revealed at least three Gonatopus lineages, including the first complete mitochondrial genome for the genus from the New World, and confirmed multiple host species. We also recorded the first Canadian occurrence of G. clavipes. Our results demonstrate that parasitoids are active, climate-responsive, and capable of targeting dominant pest species. Together, these findings provide the first ecological and genomic baseline for leafhopper–parasitoid interactions in Canada. They point to the potential of conserving and enhancing native parasitoid populations as a foundation for climate-resilient, pesticide-free pest management strategies.
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Ariane Barrot, Joshua Molligan, Abraão Almeida Santos, Edel Pérez-López
Phytoplasmas are cell wall–less bacteria that are transmitted by phloem-feeding insects. In Canada, insect vectors of this pathogen are leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), and they can contribute to significant economic losses. As climate change alters the composition and movement of insect communities, migratory species such as the potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae, Harris 1841), one of the most abundant leafhoppers in Québec, may play an emerging role in phytoplasma diseases. Although E. fabae is not currently confirmed to act as a vector, its frequent presence and abundance in fields, along with its potential to acquire phytoplasmas, deserve further investigation. In this study, we tested DNA from E. fabae collected in strawberry fields for the presence of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ using PCR, as well as inbred colonies for their ability to transmit this pathogen. The amplicons amplified from positive samples were cloned and sequenced to identify phytoplasma groups and subgroups. Our findings confirmed the presence of multiple Aster Yellows (16SrI-related) phytoplasma strains in E. fabae, based on phylogenetic analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiling, and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profiles. However, the transmission assays did not show vector competence. We propose that although this leafhopper species hosts multiple, possibly new, phytoplasma subgroups, its capacity to transmit the disease remains limited and likely depends on high population density. Overall, these findings emphasize the importance of monitoring common pests like E. fabae as indicators of phytoplasma diversity in Eastern Canadian agricultural systems.
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Thierry Alexandre Pellegrinetti, Joshua Molligan, Abraão Almeida Santos, Maria Cristina Canale, Maira Rodrigues Duffeck, Alejandro Olmedo-Velarde, Jordanne Jacques, Ivair Valmorbida, Ashleigh Faris, Marcos Vinicius Silva de Andrade, Magda Alana Pompeli Manica, Mauricio Luna, Paola-Reyes Caldas, Jairo Rodriguez-Chalarca, Tim Dumonceaux, Edel Pérez-Lopez
A novel phytoplasma species, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma zeae’, is proposed based on ecological distinctiveness, vector specificity, whole-genome comparisons, and community consensus. This phytoplasma is associated with maize bushy stunt (MBS) disease in corn (Zea mays) and is transmitted exclusively by Dalbulus maidis and D. elimatus, two leafhopper species endemic to the Americas, and has been reported in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and several U.S. states. Here we sequenced and assembled the genome of MBS phytoplasma strains from Brazil, and U.S. to describe and propose this new species. Although the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the proposed reference strain, MBSP-BRRS, shares >99% identity with that of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma asteris’, key nucleotide polymorphisms distinguish ‘Ca. P. zeae’ from other 16SrI-related phytoplasma species. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and average amino acid identity (AAI) values between ‘Ca. P. zeae’ and ‘Ca. P. asteris’ are 97.70–98.00% and 96.65–96.88%, respectively, both near the established species delineation thresholds. Comparative genomic analyses revealed unique gene clusters in ‘Ca. P. zeae’ associated with amino acid transport, defense mechanisms, and protein turnover, which may contribute to its specialization in corn. The ecological profile of ‘Ca. P. zeae’, including its narrow host range and restricted geographic distribution, supports its recognition as a novel species under Rule c of the IRPCM guidelines. The designation ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma zeae’ is therefore proposed by members of the research community who have studied this pathogen for over a decade, with the MBSP-BrazilRS strain serving as the reference.
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As part of a broader effort to survey and characterize the diversity of pectolytic bacteria affecting potato crops in Mexico, phytopathogenic strains were isolated from soft rot symptoms in potato plants in Sinaloa. Among them, an atypical Pectobacterium-like strain, LFLA-215T, could not be confidently assigned to any known species through biochemical or molecular methods. To clarify its taxonomic position and explore its genomic and functional features, whole-genome sequencing and comparative analyses were conducted, accompanied by biochemical, morphological and pathogenicity evaluations. The strain LFLA-215T is Gram-stain-negative, with peritrichous flagella, catalase-positive, and oxidase-negative. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA operon, dnaJ, and 923 core genes, confirmed that strain LFLA-215T belongs to the genus Pectobacterium. However, genomic similarity values with other Pectobacterium species, ranging from 87.73–93.53% (ANIb), 87.63–93.46% (ANIu), and 34.0–52.1% (isDDH), fell below species delineation thresholds. Pectobacterium colocasium LJ1T showed the closest relationship to LFLA-215T, whereas Pectobacterium parmentieri RNS 08-42-1AT was the most distantly related. Although LFLA-215T fulfilled Koch’s postulates and demonstrated pathogenicity in potato plants, its virulence on tubers was comparatively lower than that of other known Pectobacterium strains, which could be related to the size and the reduction of the total number of genes when analyzed its complete genome reported here. Taken all together, our findings support the classification of strain LFLA-215T as a novel species within the genus Pectobacterium, for which the name Pectobacterium sinaloense sp. nov. is proposed, with LFLA-215T designated as the type strain.
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Jiaxu Wu, Soham Mukhopadhyay, Edel Pérez-López
Despite decades of clubroot research, only three resistance (R) genes have been validated. However, many of the ‘new’ R genes are, in fact, identical to or allelic with these three. In this forum article we advocate for more concerted efforts to reduce redundancies in reporting ‘novel’ R genes and to focus on establishing a common nomenclature system.
Read more in Trends in Genetics
Edel Pérez-López
Read more in Trends in Microbiology
Melaine González García, Soham Mukhopadhyay, Ian Major, Edel Pérez-López
Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, poses a persistent threat to Brassicaceae crops, particularly in regions where resistant cultivars are under strong selection pressure. To identify new sources of resistance and better understand the underlying genetic mechanisms, we evaluated 60 Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes against the highly virulent Canadian pathotype 3A. Using stringent phenotyping criteria, pathogen DNA quantification, and survival analysis, we identified eight resistant ecotypes, including two novel sources, Marce-1 and DraII-6. DraII-6 exhibited exceptionally low disease symptoms and a high survival rate. While the clubroot resistant gene RPB1/WeiTsing was detected in many ecotypes, DraII-6 exhibited uniquely high expression of RPB1 at early infection stages, suggesting a possible role in impeding pathogen establishment. However, the observed resistance pattern implies the involvement of additional genetic or regulatory factors beyond RPB1 alone. Given the urgent need to diversify resistance sources and the growing complexity of clubroot epidemiology, we present these findings as a foundation for further mechanistic studies. The rapid release of this work as a Short Communication reflects both its significance for the field and its potential to guide future resistance breeding in Brassica crops.
Read more in Plant Disease
Juan Sebastian Enciso Garcia, Erika Corretto, Lapo Ragionieri, Luciano Palmieri, Edel Pérez-López, Christopher Dietrich, Eric Lombaert, Katrin Janik, Hannes Schuler
The genus Scaphoideus is one of the most diverse groups in Deltocephalinae with significant pest species, including the American grapevine leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus Ball, the vector of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma in European grapevines. Despite the diversity and the agricultural importance of these species, limited information regarding the phylogenetic relationships of Scaphoideus species is available. Furthermore, although S. titanus is one of the most important pest of grapevine in Europe, details on its intraspecific genetic variation are limited to only a few studies based on single mitochondrial markers. By sequencing the complete mitochondrial genomes of S. incisus Osborn, S. melanotus Osborn, S. minor Osborn, S. nigrisignus Li, and S. titanus, we examined the phylogenetic relationships among these species. We specifically investigated the genetic differences between S. titanus populations from North America and Europe to reveal new insights on the invasion history of this species in Europe. Based on our dataset, two distinct genetic clades of S. titanus with more than 10% pairwise genetic distance were identified in the native range: one comprising Midwestern USA and Quebec, Canada and a second one with individuals from Ontario, Canada. Morphological analysis of the aedeagus showed differences between the two clades, suggesting that they should be considered as different species. Invasive European populations share high mitochondrial similarity with those from Ontario, supporting the hypothesis that the invasion originated from this region. Our data reveal new insights into the invasion history of this important pest species and highlight the need for a taxonomic revision of the S. titanus species complex.
Read more in Ecology and Evolution
Joshua Molligan & Edel Pérez-López
This perspective examines the potential of microbial biological control agents (MBCAs) as sustainable tools for managing agricultural insect pests, set against the backdrop of growing pesticide use and climate-driven shifts in pest pressures. We highlight how Canada’s unique combination of supportive policies, dedicated research funding, and clear regulatory frameworks has enabled MBCAs to become an integral part of national pest management strategies. By focusing on regulatory innovation, market trends, and the biological and technological factors shaping MBCA adoption, we outline why Canada’s experience offers valuable insights for other countries seeking to reduce reliance on synthetic insecticides. We propose practical directions to expand the global use of MBCAs, emphasizing the importance of harmonized regulations, stronger data infrastructure, and coordinated public-private initiatives. This perspective aims to contribute to the broader discourse on sustainable pest management by showcasing how lessons from Canada can inform more resilient, climate-adapted agricultural systems worldwide.
Read more in Sustainable Microbiology
Abraão Almeida Santos, Fausto Henrique Vieira Araújo, Nicolas Plante, Ricardo Siqueira da Silva, Edel Pérez-Lopéz
Climate change is reshaping insect population dynamics in North America, notably impacting the migratory pest Empoasca fabae (Harris) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). While its phenology is well studied in the United States, knowledge gaps exist regarding its dynamics in Eastern Canada, one of its northernmost migration areas. Our study integrates degree-day models, CLIMEX ecological niche modeling, and field-collected data from Québec to assess E. fabae seasonal phenology and monthly climatic suitability. Our results indicate that E. fabae completes one to two generations in Québec, with earlier emergence and higher generational potential in warmer southeastern regions compared to cooler northeastern regions. CLIMEX modeling showed that suitable climatic conditions for E. fabae growth begin in April, peak from May to September, and decline by November. First adult captures occurred from late May to early June, with population peaks in June-July and a decrease by September. Observed adult peaks occurred earlier than predicted by degree-day models, suggesting that additional environmental factors, such as wind patterns and host plant availability, influence early-season population dynamics. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of E. fabae phenology in Québec and highlights the importance of incorporating regional climate to predict population trends. Further research on diapause onset, late-season persistence, and migration patterns is needed to refine predictive models and inform pest management strategies in Québec. Understanding these factors will be essential in mitigating potential economic impacts amid ongoing climate change.
Read more in Environmental Entomology
José Luis Valdez-López, Edel Peréz-López, Carlos Ignacio Mora-Zamudio, Jesús Méndez-Lozano, Edgar Antonio Rodríguez-Negrete, María Elena Santos-Cervantes, Norma Elena Leyva-López
Read more in Plant Disease
Joshua Molligan, Jordanne Jacques, Soham Mukhopadhyay, Edel Pérez-López
This study presents the assembly and annotation of the full-length mitochondrial genome for the leafhopper species Empoasca fabae Harris, 1841. The mitogenome was obtained from a contig-level assembly with the identified mitochondrial genome being 14,873 bp in length. The base composition was A (38.8%), T (39.1%), C (11.7%), and G (10.4%). The mitogenome comprised 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and showed a unique, non-AT-rich D-loop region. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the placement of E. fabae within the subfamily Typhlocybinae, clustering with other species in the Empoasca genus.
Read more in Mitochondrial DNA Part B
Abraão Almeida Santos, Joshua Molligan, Nicolas Plante, Jordanne Jacques, Edel Pérez-López
The emergence and re-emergence of pathosystems are expected to increase with ongoing climate change. Strawberry green petal disease (SbGP) is caused by phytoplasmas transmitted by two leafhopper species, Aphrodes bicinctus and Macrosteles quadrilineatus, in strawberry crops. In Québec, SbGP was frequently reported between 1950 and 1970. However, recent surveys (2012–2022) indicate an increased disease incidence in strawberry fields. While it is unclear whether this increase indicates a re-emergence or underreporting, understanding these pathosystem components can help clarify the underlying causes. This case study reviews the SbGP pathosystem, historical reports, and existing control measures, emphasizing the importance of ongoing and future research to address identified gaps. Although SbGP currently poses a limited economic threat, the interactions within the pathosystem could be exacerbated by warming temperatures, potentially leading to increased vector populations, altered phytoplasma development, susceptibility of strawberry plants, and consequently, severe outbreaks and a broader geographic distribution of the disease.
Read more in Plant Health Cases
Soham Mukhopadhyay, Muhammad Asim Javed, Jiaxu Wu, Edel Pérez-López
Phytopathogens secrete effector molecules to manipulate host immunity and metabolism. Recent advances in structural genomics have identified fungal effector families whose members adopt similar folds despite sequence divergence, highlighting their importance in virulence and immune evasion. To extend the scope of comparative structure-guided analysis to more evolutionarily distant phytopathogens with similar lifestyles, we used AlphaFold2 to predict the 3D structures of the secretome from selected plasmodiophorid, oomycete, and fungal gall-forming pathogens. Clustering protein folds based on structural homology revealed species-specific expansions and a low abundance of known orphan effector families. We identified novel sequence-unrelated but structurally similar (SUSS) effector clusters, rich in conserved motifs such as ‘CCG’ and ‘RAYH’. We demonstrate that these motifs likely play a central role in maintaining the overall fold. We also identified a SUSS cluster adopting a nucleoside hydrolase-like fold conserved among various gall-forming microbes. Notably, ankyrin proteins (ANK) were significantly expanded in gall-forming plasmodiophorids, with most being highly expressed during clubroot disease, suggesting a role in pathogenicity. Subsequently, we screened ANK proteins against Arabidopsis immunity hubs using AlphaFold-Multimer and verified one of the positive results by Y2H and BiFC assays to show that the ankyrin effector PBTT_00818 targets host MPK3 and a zinc-binding dehydrogenase. These findings suggest a potential new mechanism in which ANK effectors target multiple host proteins involved in stress sensing, opening a novel avenue to study the role of ANK in host–pathogen interactions. Altogether, this study advances our understanding of secretome landscapes in gall-forming microbes and provides a valuable resource for broadening structural phylogenomic studies across diverse phytopathogens.
Read more in eLife
Joshua Molligan, Edel Pérez-López. 2024. Artificial Intelligence in Academia: Opportunities, Challenges, and Ethical Considerations. Biochemistry and Cell Biology. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/bcb-2024-0216
Jiaxu Wu, Soham Mukhopadhyay, Edel Pérez-López. 2024. Refinement of the Brassica napus NLRome using RenSeq. Plant Physiology. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiae631
Md Musharaf Hossain, Edel Pérez López, Christopher D. Todd, Yangdou Wei, Peta C. Bonham-Smith. 2024. Plasmodiophora brassicae effector PbPE23 induces necrotic responses in both host and non-host plants. Phytopathology. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-02-24-0064-R
Muhammad Asim Javed, Soham Mukhopadhyay, Anne-Sophie Brochu, Eric Normandeau, Edel Pérez-López. 2024. Telomere-to-telomere genome assembly of the clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. Genome Biology and Evolution. Doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1093/gbe/evae122
Abraão Almeida Santos, Jordanne Jacques, Edel Pérez-López. 2024. Potential impact of climate change on Nearctic leafhopper distribution and richness in North America. npj Sustinable Agriculture. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44264-024-00020-6
Soham Mukhopadhyay, Andrea Garvetto, Sigrid Neuhauser, Edel Pérez-López. 2024. Decoding the Arsenal: Protist Effectors and Their Impact on Photosynthetic Hosts. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-11-23-0196-CR
Rasha Salih, Muhammad Asim Javed, Anne-Sophie Brochu, Priyavashini Prakash, Edel Pérez-López. 2024. A basic guide to the propagation and manipulation of the clubroot pathogen, Plasmodiphora brassicae. Current Protocols. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpz1.1039
Nicolas Plante, Jeanne Durivage, Abraão Almeida Santos, Anne-Sophie Brochu, Tim Dumonceaux, Dagoberto Torres, Brian Bahde, Joel Kits, Antoine Dionne, Jean-Philippe Legare, Stéphanie Tellier, Frédéric Mcune, Charles Goulet, Valérie Fournier, Edel Pérez-López. 2024. Can leafhoppers help us trace the impact of climate change on agriculture? Cell Report Sustainability. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsus.2024.100029
Anne-Sophie Brochu, Tim Dumonceaux, Richard Bélanger, Edel Pérez-López. 2024. A new multiplex TaqMan qPCR targeting Clavibacter michiganensis virulence-related genes. Plant Disease. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-23-1194-SR
Abraão Almeida Santos, Jordanne Jacques, Nicolas Plante, Valérie Fournier, Edel Pérez-López. 2024. Leafhoppers, phytoplasmas, and berries under a changing climate, a timely update. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saad038
Rasha Salih, Anne-Sophie Brochu, Caroline Labbé, Stephen E. Strelkov, Coreen Franke, Richard Bélanger, Edel Pérez-López. 2024. A Hydroponic-Based Bioassay to Facilitate Plasmodiophora brassicae Phenotyping. Plant Disease. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-23-0959-RE.
Anne-Sophie Brochu, Jeanne Durivage, Dagoberto Torres, Edel Pérez-López. 2023. Diet and injection, our recommendation to characterize Clavibacter michiganensis– tomato interactions. Plant Health Progress. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-04-23-0040-RS.
Anne-Sophie Brochu, Antoine Dionne, Mamadou Lamine Fall, Edel Pérez-López. 2023. A decade of hidden phytoplasmas unveiled through citizen science. Plant Disease. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-23-0227-SC
Marina Silvestre Vañó, Maryam Nourimand, Allyson MacLean, Edel Pérez-López. 2023. Getting to the Root of a Club – understanding developmental manipulation by the clubroot pathogen. Invited Review, Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.02.005
Jiaxu Wu, Edel Pérez-López. 2023. A multilayer strategy is needed to uncover the clubroot pathogen mysteries. Invited Review, Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2023.101971
Muhammad Asim Javed, Marina Silvestre Vañó, Jiaxu Wu, Rasha Salih, Melaine González García, Arne Schwelm, Thies Marten, Edel Pérez-López. 2023. Updating Plasmodiophora brassicae – the clubroot pathogen- profile. Invited Review, Molecular Plant Pathology. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13283
Nicolas Plante, Valérie Fournier, Edel Pérez-López. 2022. De nouveaux ravageurs dans les fraisières au Québec, un autre effet des changements climatiques. Le Climatoscope, https://climatoscope.ca/article/de-nouveaux-ravageurs-dans-les-fraisieres-au-quebec-un-autre-effet-des-changements-climatiques/
Güendis Leal Sanabria, Odaylin Plasencia-Márquez, Yamila Martínez Zubiaur, Marina Silvestre Vañó, Edel Pérez-López. 2022. First Report of Dickeya solani causing soft rot disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum) in Cuba. Plant Disease. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-22-1580-PDN
Karolina Pusz-Bochenska, Edel Perez-Lopez, Tyler Wist, Harvinder Bennypaul, Daniel Sanderson, Margaret Green, Tim J. Dumonceau. 2022. Development and validation of a hybridization-based multilocus sequence typing method for phytoplasmas. Frontiers in Microbiology. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.959562
Anne-Sophie Brochu, Caroline Labbé, Richard Bélanger and Edel Pérez-López. 2022. First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces ambrosiae on Cannabis sativa L. in Quebec, Canada. Plant Disease. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-22-0350-PDN
Legnara Padrón-Rodríguez, Carlos Roberto Cerdán Cabrera, Nadia Guadalupe Sánchez Coello, Mauricio Luna-Rodríguez, and Edel Pérez-López. 2022. Plasmodiophora brassicae in Mexico, from anecdote to fact. Plant Diseases. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-21-2607-RE
Brochu, Anne-Sophie; Mehot, Ariane; Breton, Anne-Marie; Lacroix, Christian; Légaré, Jean-Philippe; Pérez-López, Edel. 2022. First report of a ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ strain affecting lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) and causing lingonberry stunt phytoplasma disease. New Disease Reports. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ndr2.12058
Christine Hammond, Edel Perez-Lopez, Jennifer Town, Charles Vincent, Debra Moreau, Tim Dumonceaux. 2021. Molecular detection of blueberry stunt phytoplasma in Eastern Canada: a multi-year study. Scientific Reports. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01439-4
Nicolas Plante, Anne-Sophie Brochu, Charles Goulet, Patrice Thibault, Valérie Fournier, Edel Pérez-López. First evidence of the occurrence of a putative new subgroup of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ (16SrI) associated with strawberry green petal disease in Quebec, Canada. New Disease Reports. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ndr2.12038
Edel Pérez-López, Yangdou Wei, Christopher D. Todd & Peta C. Bonham-Smith. 2021. A clubroot pathogen effector targets cruciferous cysteine proteases to suppress plant immunity. Virulence. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2021.1968684.
Rasha Salih & Edel Pérez-López. 2021. Digitalization of clubroot disease index, a long overdue task. Horticulturae. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7080241.
Anne-Sophie Brochu, Douglas Rodríguez-Martínez, Charles Goulet & Edel Pérez-López. 2021. Strawberry Green Petal Disease: A Diagnostic Guide. Plant Health Progress. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-02-21-0049-DG.
Kevin Muirhead & Edel Pérez-López. 2021. Plasmodiophora brassicae CBM18 proteins bind chitin and suppress chitin-triggered immunity. PhytoFrontiers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTOFR-04-21-0032-R.
Md Musharaf Hossain, Edel Pérez-López, Christopher D Todd, Yangdou Wei & Peta Bonham-Smith. 2021. Endomembrane-targeting Plasmodiophora brassicae effectors modulate PAMP triggered immune responses in plant. Frontiers in Microbiology. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.651279
Md Musharaf Hossain, Edel Pérez-López, Christopher D Todd, Yangdou Wei & Peta Bonham-Smith. 2021. Endomembrane-targeting Plasmodiophora brassicae effectors modulate PAMP triggered immune responses in plant. Frontiers in Microbiology. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.651279